Human intelligence Essay Example

Human intelligence Essay Cosmides (1989) has shown how human intelligence is specially adapted to deal with social problem solving. Grooming is an effective mechanism, because primates such as chimpanzees spend far more time than is necessary for purely hygienic purposes in picking through each other fur and removing bits of plant material, insects and scabs. It has therefore been suggested that grooming serves social ends such as strengthening alliances between individuals and bringing about reconciliation after a dispute. The hypothesis goes beyond grooming to see what other ways, which can help the individual benefit from group living. One of these ways is Theory of Mind, which is the ability to be self-aware and to appreciate others have self-awareness too. These can make heavy demands on cognitive skills because they have to recognize a number of other individuals, to remember who has given favours to whom, who has alliances with whom and most importantly how it would appear from someone elses perspective. The theory would predict that there is a strong association between the time spent grooming, possession of theory of mind and intelligence. There are however difficulties with testing these ideas, which are how an animals intelligence would be measured. In human intelligence it is difficult to measure because of the controversy of whether it is possible to construct a way of measuring intelligence, which is culture fair (i.e. not biased towards a particular culture). We will write a custom essay sample on Human intelligence specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Human intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Human intelligence specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer According the Ridley (1993) the evolution of human intelligence was the result of sexual competition between individuals of the same sex. The fact that the brain has tripled in size in three million years is very fast in evolutionary terms. One force that can bring such rapid change is sexual selection. Miller (2000) suggests that a similar process of which has left the peacock with a long tail has also shaped human brains. It has been proposed that humans will have considered cognitive abilities as well as other adaptive criteria such as health and fitness. Females chose males who were amusing, inventive and creative brains, and this shows that art, music and literature function as a courtship display. Female brain size has increased in order to decode and appreciate the males new abilities. Support for the sexiness of intelligence comes from research investigating what characteristics people seek in a partner and it was found that intelligence came consistently at the top of the list. In the EEA meat was an important source of saturated fat. Stanford believes that strategic sharing of meat paved the way for human intelligence, as it will have forged alliances, persuaded females to mate (i.e. meat for sex hypothesis). Strategic meat sharing requires considerable cognitive abilities because males would have to keep a running score of debts, credits and relationships. Evidence from the animal kingdom supports the meat for sex hypothesis, because male chimps use meat to entice females, often withholding it until mating and when begging for meat receptive females have more success than non-receptive. Evidence also comes from human societies, in terms of the Ache in Paraguay. Mitani and Watts (2001)showed that male chimps share with each other more than females due to alliances rather than sex. It can be concluded that intelligence is a key component in the adaptability of a species. Three main theories have been proposed for the evolution of intelligence, which are, ecological, social and sexual selection. At this time the social theory provides the more plausible explanation of intelligence. However all of these ideas are continuing to be researched, so that an even more reliable explanation of the evolution of intelligence can be produced in the near future.

Types of Child Abuse free essay sample

In Malaysia, statistics according to the Bukit Aman Criminal Investigation Department indicate that children aged between one and seven, made up the highest number of abuse cases for two consecutive years, 2011 and 2012. This serious issue lead me to let you know more about what the child abuse is. I will focus the explanations on the types of child abuse. 4. Preview of main point. Types of the child abuse is: * Physical abuse * Sexual abuse * Emotional abuse * Neglect * ( Let me start with the first types of child abuse) BODY 1. Physical abuse Physical abuse is a physical act of aggression directed at a child that causes injury or pain. * It maybe result from severe discipline, such as using a belt on a child, or physical punishment that is not suitable to the child’s age or physical condition. Many parents insist that their actions are forms of discipline which are the ways to make children learn to behave. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Child Abuse or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * Injuries may result from punching, beating, kicking, burning or anything that brings physical pain or discomfort. 2. Sexual abuse * Sexual abuse is an inappropriate sexual behaviour with a child. It happens when a child is  raped  or forced to commit a sexual act. * Normally, the sexual abuser will warn the child to keep the relationship secret so that the child will not be hurt or in trouble. So, the child who sexually abused may act fearful, depressed and have trouble in maintaining relationship with others. * Sexual abuse also includes making a child pose or perform for pornographic pictures or videos, telling a child dirty jokes or stories, forcing a child to undress or showing them ones genitals. 3. Emotional abuse Emotional abuse is a pattern of behavior that has negative effects on a childs emotional development . * It maybe a verbal abuse or an attitude that is degrading a child. They may be constantly criticized, blamed, shouted at or compared with siblings or another child. Ignoring a child love, support, or guidance also considered emotional abuse. * Emotional abuse can cause long lasting effects on the social and mental health development of a child. 4. Neglec t * Neglect is a very common type of child abuse. It is about failure to provide childs basic needs, whether it be adequate food, clothing, hygiene, or supervision. Child neglect is not always easy to spot. Sometimes, a parent might become physically or mentally unable to care for a child, such as with a serious injury, untreated depression, or anxiety. * Other times, alcohol or drug abuse may seriously impair judgment and the ability to keep a child safe. (so let me summarise the types of child abuse) CONCLUSION 1. Summary of main point. In conclusion, there are 4 types of child abuse which are: * Physical abuse * Sexual abuse * Emotional abuse * Neglect 2. Memorable Concluding Statement. I hope that we will be more concern towards these issues from now on so that our children can live their life happily. If they have a history of child abuse, they soon may be become an abuser. Remember, we are the most important person in our child’s world. REFERENCE http://malaysia. kurnia. com/Lifestyle/Living/19/Default. aspx http://www. helpguide. org/mental/child_abuse_physical_emotional_sexual_neglect. htm http://kidshealth. org/parent/positive/talk/child_abuse. html# http://www. healthychildren. org/English/safety-prevention/at-home/pages/What-to-Know-about-Child-Abuse. aspx

Proposal. Impact of Recession on Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers The WritePass Journal

Proposal. Impact of Recession on Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers Introduction Proposal. Impact of Recession on Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers Introduction1. Proposed Working Title3. Research Aims4. Research Questions / ObjectivesThe primary objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the economic downturn on the purchasing behaviour of ethical consumers. Other key objectives include –6. Methodology7. Project ScheduleBIBLIOGRAPHYRelated Introduction 1. Proposed Working Title Impact of the Recession on the Buying Behaviour of Ethical Consumers in the UK food industry 2. Research Background According to the National Bureau of Economic Research, an economy is said to be in a recession when there is a decline in Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for two successive quarters. The recent economic downturn which commenced in 2007 has hit UK in a huge way. The recent recession is described as the worst recession to have hit the country since the Second World War, with GDP declining up to 3.8% in 2009 and unemployment having risen to its highest point in sixteen years. The credit crunch has undoubtedly has had a significant impact on consumer trends and behaviour. With many households facing unemployment, there has been a major cut back in consumer spending. The areas where consumers were found to cut back on spending are personal durables (e.g. clothing), indulgences (e.g. premium coffee), household durables (.g. electronics) and services (e.g. salon treatment). Alongside alterations have also been found in consumer preferences and purchase behaviour. Numerous studies have found that consumer behaviour during the recession is characterised by an increased sensitivity to price, marking a shift to lower cost products. Studies have also found that there is an increased focus on quality during the recession period, implying that consumers are increasingly looking for products that are of good quality, yet affordable. With retailers facing increasing cost of production during the economic downturn, to make a profit it is necessary for retailer to push the increase in prices to customers. This may prove to be an even greater challenge for ethical goods producers. In line, Carrigan et al state that it is all very well asking people to spend a little more to save the planet while everyone is rolling in and times are good, but once things turn sour and people start tightening their belts then things may be a little different. The credit crunch is bound to pose the biggest challenges ever for ethical consumerism. In this context, it is high ly relevant to study the impact of the recession on ethical consumer behaviour. This research will focus on evaluating the impact of recession on ethical consumer behaviour in the food sector. Specifically, the study will focus on ethical retailers in the food industry in the UK. Gaining a good understanding of how consumers are responding to the prolonged economic downturn in regard to ethical purchase behaviour is crucial in leading both ethical and non ethical companies in making changes to their fundamental business model in order to ensure success. Although there are signs that the economy is improving, which might question the relevance of this research, it is important to note that changes in consumer behaviour caused by a recession are likely to remain for a long period. So whilst economists may signal that the recession has ended and recovery has begun, consumers are unlikely to reflect this in their buying behaviour immediately. 3. Research Aims The aim of this research is to evaluate the impact of the recent recession on the buying behaviour of ethical consumers. 4. Research Questions / Objectives The most important question that this research proposes is: How does the economic downturn impact ethical consumer behaviour? This question in turn provokes us to find answers to other significant questions such as: What challenges does the recent recession present to consumers wishing to consume sustainably and ethically? Does price factor outweigh ethical values during the recession? What challenges does the recent recession present to marketers in the food industry to produce sustainable and ethical goods? The primary objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of the economic downturn on the purchasing behaviour of ethical consumers. Other key objectives include – 1. To evaluate the impact of the economic downturn on marketers of ethical goods 2. To explore ways in which ethical retailers can engage consumers with social responsibility attitudes and retain their loyalty during and after the recession 5. Literature Review The Ethical Consumer Researcher Association (ECRA) describe ethical consumerism in its truest sense as purchasing goods or services which do not harmful to the environment and society, and are made without harming the environment or exploiting workers. Consumers can express their ethical values and feelings of responsibility towards society by either buying products for their positive ethical qualities (e.g. free trade, organic etc) or by boycotting products for their perceived unethical characteristics (e.g. products produced using child labour). Ethical consumerism has been a growing trend globally and particularly in the UK. Cooperative Bank 2009 Ethical Consumerism Report revealed that the total sales of ethical products in the UK has grown almost threefold in the past ten years. The ethical market in the UK was worth 13.5 billion pounds in 1999 and in 2008 was estimated to be worth 36 billion pounds. The growth in ethical consumerism during the last decade has been in the 2005 – 2007 periods and primarily in the food and finance sectors. The report further highlights that there is a significant rise in Britons holding socially responsible attitudes and this growth has not been affected by the recession. However, Carrigan et al caution that this picture is not very encouraging as firstly reality is far from how it is pictured, describing it as the 30:3 syndrome. According to Carrigan et al, while a third of consumers admit to care about companies social responsibility and sustainability initiatives, it is important to note that ethical goods rarely achieve more than 3 per cent of the market share. Carrigan et al note that even though the idea of ethical consumerism is better understood by customers today and they hold more socially responsible attitudes, it does not necessarily mean that these attitudes are translated into ethical purchases. The findings of some researches suggest that except among a minority of consumers, ethical values and principles hold third stand in purchase decisions, with factors such as price and quality holding the greatest priority. The cause for this substantial gap in between consumer attitude towards ethical purchases and actual purchase of ethical products is that consumers consider several product attributes jointly when making a purchase decision, such as, price, quality, attitude and brand knowledge. When evaluating an ethical product, consumers are influenced by several relevant product and marketing attributes. These can be divided into three categories. Fi rstly, consumers are faced to choose between different types of ethical claims. Second, their purchase decision will depend upon the credibility of the brand and third marketing efforts and advertisements will influence consumer purchase decision. Thus clearly ethical consumer behaviour like all other attributes of consumer behaviour is exposed to the risks of recession and can be highly unpredictable. Although the Ethical Consumerism Report highlights a consistent growth in the ethical market in the last ten years, it is forecasted that the value of the ethical sector would slow down until 2012 owing to the sluggish economy with price being the most important factor influencing consumer purchase decisions. The ethical market is expected to pick up again in 2012 as the economy becomes more favourable. With some surveys revealing that in the context of the recession, consumer ethical behaviours are being limited by cost as people are less likely to pay a premium price for goods produced ethically, some other survey findings reveal that consumers are willing to pay more for ethically produced goods and services during the recession period. A major limitation of these studies is that they have not focused on any one particular se ctor. 6. Methodology The proposed research is guided by the philosophy of positivism. According to logical positivism the world simply consists of observable empirical regularities and science should restrict itself to describing these in the form of objectives, falsifiable propositions. The nature of the proposed research is exploratory in order to develop deep insights and ideas about the underlying nature of the research topic and in turn generate a hypothesis. The exploratory research will begin with a study of the reported findings of other researchers. This process is called literature review. For conducting the literature review, Hart six step process will be employed. The six steps for conducting the literature review are Begin general reading to define the topic Establish the scope of the research topic and locate major themes Establish objectives for the literature search Plan the structure of the literature search, including codes and cross referencing Plan sources to be read Begin reading of selected sources In addition to helping gain deep insights into the research topic, the literature review is also used for evaluating the research methods selected for the recent research. The main sources of the literature review will be core marketing textbooks and professional journals from online databases such as Emerald and JSTOR. Stemming from the deductive nature of positivist researches, both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection will be used. Specifically, semi structured face to face interviews will be used for gathering data from key respondents of the selected ethical retail firms in the food industry; and survey questionnaire will be used for gathering data from consumers. Interviewing is selected for gathering data from the ethical retail firms as it stands out as the best method for gathering rich and holistic information quickly from a relatively small sample[12]. A list of topics to be covered will be prepared to help ensure that important points are not overlooked and that the interview follows a logical progression. Survey method is the technique of gathering data by asking questions from people who are thought to have the desired information. Survey method is chosen for gathering data from customers because compared to other primary data collection techniques, questionnaires he lp gather data from a large sample with lesser cost and time. In addition, questionnaires also provide participants the chance to submit thoughtful responses, since they have time to look up information and reflect before responding, plus there is a high contact rate. Questions will be crafted carefully so that it will stimulate unambiguous answers from the respondents. The questionnaires will be administered directly to consumers. 7. Project Schedule Research Gantt Chart (Week commencing 11 July 2010) BIBLIOGRAPHY    Bhattacharyya, D.K., 2003. Research Methodology. New Delhi: Excel Books.   Carrigan, M. and Pelsmacker, P., 2009. Will ethical consumers sustain their values in the global credit crunch? International Marketing Review, Vol 26, Issue 6, pp. 674 – 687 Carrigan, M., Marinova, S., Szmigin, I., 2005. Ethics and international marketing. International Marketing Review, Vol 22, No 5.   Harrison, R., Newholm, T. and Shaw, D., 2005. The ethical consumer. Sage Publications. Interbrand, 2009. Consumer spending in a recession. Available online: www.interbrand.com [accessed on 21 May 2010   Keinert, C., 2008. Corporate social responsibility as an international strategy. Springer.   Gill, J. and Johnson, P., 2002. Research Methods for Managers. 3rd ed. London: SAGE publications.   Patton, M.Q., 2002. Qualitative Research and Evaluation Methods. 3rd ed. USA: SAGE publications   Varey, R.J., 2002. Marketing communication: principles and practice. Routledge.   UK Cooperative Bank, 2009. Ethical Consumer Report 2009. Available online: www.ethicalconsumer.org [accessed on 21 May 2010

Cultural Diversity of Ford Motor Company Employees

Cultural Diversity of Ford Motor Company Employees Free Online Research Papers The rise of multinational companies and increased global diversification by even small companies has resulted in people of diverse backgrounds and cultures working together in the same office or for the same organization. Conflict in such situations is predictable, but understanding the diversity issues can help companies implement programs designed to keep conflict at a minimum and to take full advantage of the many benefits which such diversity brings to an organization. Key to understanding how diversity is managed in multinational organizations is understanding the concept of corporate culture (which defines organizations), diversity programs and their use to minimize conflict among employees, and the unique problems that employees working overseas encounter. One of the biggest companies that have worked a lot on diversity is Ford Motor Organization. Ford Motor Company is an American multinational corporation and the worlds second largest automaker, selling vehicles in 200 markets and with approximately 345,000 employees on six continents. Ford also is a family with a heritage of strong and clear values. One of the most essential of Ford values is their commitment to diversity and inclusion. For Ford, diversity is a means to an end. It is one of the ways the company is seeking to drive a transformation to a team-based workplace. To have meaningful relationships with customers (and other stakeholders) it is essential to have an understanding of their needs. Having a diverse workforce is one of the ways of building this capacity into the company. From the start, Henry Ford and the family of Ford employees have valued diversity. Henry Ford launched our diversity journey when he offered a $5-a-day wage in 1914. Thousands of immigrants and African-Americans flocked to Ford Company, lured by the prospect of pay that was more than do uble the prevailing industry standard. This revolutionary event in American business created a new middle class and established Ford as one of the first American companies to truly reflect the growing diversity of the United States. By as early as 1916, Ford employees represented 62 nationalities and every major world religion. By 1919, there were enough Ford employees of Middle Eastern descent in the Detroit area to support a Muslim mosque - the first to be built in the United States. Ford also employed more than 900 people with disabilities. We were one of the first companies to adapt work environments to their needs. Ford first African-American salaried employee, Eugene J. Collins, was hired in 1919, despite a segregated America. By 1920, Ford employed more African-American hourly workers than any other automotive company. Ford first collective bargaining agreement with the United Auto Workers in 1941 was groundbreaking because it explicitly prohibited discrimination based on race, color, national origin or creed. By 1946, gender was added to the non-discrimination clause, prompted by the entry of women into the work force during World War II. Ford middle years produced a number of firsts, including the first African-American and female executives. In 1967, Henry Ford II proclaimed that dealers and suppliers are valued members of the extended Ford family. In 1969, the company’s first plant forewoman was promoted. In 2005, Ford names Anne Stevens, executive vice president and chief operating officer of The Americas. She is the highest ranking woman in the automotive industry. Today, Ford is as diverse as the world itself, providing an exciting portfolio of cars and trucks to customers in 200 markets around the world. Defining Diversity and Its Values Diversity literally means variety, and embracing workplace, diversity means welcoming the full variety of society: different races, ethnicities, cultures, genders, sexual orientations, religions, ages, abilities, education, beliefs- any characteristic that distinguishes groups of people. Offer equal opportunities to all people, regardless of these factors, is simply the right thing to do, and part of being a responsible corporate citizen. Accordingly, ford motor company has long maintained non-discrimination policies and actively measures its progress in creating and promoting a diverse workplace. But diversity also supports and strengthens business. Welcoming a wide range of people into the company opens up a bigger pool from which to find the best- qualified candidates. And diverse working teams bring together different ideas and perspectives, challenging one another for the best results. Moreover, in this global economy, having many different groups represented within the company helps make its products and services more appealing to costumers who are members of those same groups. Diversity embodies all the differences that make us unique individuals. Not limited to physical aspects of race, ethnicity, gender, age, disability, and sexual orientation, it includes culture, religion, education, experience, opinions, beliefs, language, nationality and more. Diversity enhances confidence and improves the contributions made by people in such environments. Valuing and respecting each individual simply makes good sense. Success and productivity are natural extensions of a corporate culture that truly values all people. Bill Ford said valuing different employee backgrounds and skills makes the company more responsive to the marketplace. â€Å"In the end ford company is more successful. And ford employees, our customers, our shareholders and our business associates, they all benefit, Ford said. In other words, diversity is not a favor to the world. It’s a richness that strengthens us as a company and gives us a competitive advantage.† Ford Motor Company continues to receive recognition for its diversity programs. Most recently, the company received a 100 percent score on the Human Rights Campaign Corporate Equality Index (CEI). The CEI is a review on how America’s top companies treat their lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender employees, consumers and investors. Ford previously scored 85 percent, but by prohibiting discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity and expression, the score took a considerable jump. The number of companies receiving the top grade rose to 56 in 2004, from 28 in 2003, and just 13 in 2002. Diversity and Globalization Workforce diversity from customer service clerks through to the board of directors is a critical dimension for those companies seeking to establish themselves as global enterprises. The Conference Board of Canada released a study last year which concluded that having an ethnically-diverse workforce can make a company more profitable. Gaining the global advantage was the theme of the report, which predicted that if Canadian businesses continue to rely heavily on traditional markets, our export growth and standard of living will be relegated to the slow lane of international commerce. The key to entering international markets, it is implied, is gathering an international employee base to serve as a natural bridge and help Canadian firms penetrate those emerging markets. Ford has manufacturing, assembly and sales facilities in 34 countries and distributes its vehicles through a network of more than 10,500 dealers in more than 200 countries. Alex Trotman, chairman and CEO of Ford Motor Company argues its very important for our product people to understand the different consumer tastes around the world. People in China dont like exactly the same products as people in India. Our performance is global and our workforce has to be global. We have to be very understanding of the issues of the world. Helmut Eppich, founder and Chairman of Ebco Industries, makes the following statement: The world is forcing us to think more globally, more internationally, and this requires an international focus. You need to understand what makes people tick†¦.This is why I think the focus on multiculturalism that Ebco has taken is critically important. Overcoming language barriers, grasping various cultural nuances, attracting the best employees in a changing demographic and establishing good faith with foreign investors are important for a diverse workforce in the cultural microcosms of Canada or the United States, but are survival tactics for firms seeking a global presence. Sandra Wilking, the special advisor to the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada is cited in a recent Conference Board of Canada study saying that many mainstream Canadian business people arent pursuing opportunities in the Asia Pacific region because of their concerns about differences in language, culture and business practices. With the sheer number of highly qualified Canadians and landed immigrants from all parts of Asia, this is a tremendous wasted opportunity. Employee Resource Groups For more than a decade, ford employee resource groups have provided support, outreach and development to employees who share ethnicity, race, religion, life experiences, disabilities or backgrounds. ERGs hold educational and cultural events and support many diversity-related efforts such as college campus recruiting. Membership is open to all Ford employees. Ford-Employees African-Ancestry Network (FAAN) FAAN champions diversity at Ford by making a positive impact on the African-American community. FAAN promotes leadership development through seminars, mentoring, counselling and Dialogues on Diversity with senior management. Members support summer internship programs and recruiting at minority-focused career events. In the Detroit area, they provide Scholastic Aptitude Test coaching, an area Pre-College Engineering Program, Paint the Town events and Black History Month Celebrations. They also support the United Negro College Fund. Ford Asian Indian Association (FAIA) FAIA works for the success of Ford Motor Company. Its three-part vision is to promote the Ford family of brands as the Brand of Choice for Asian Indian consumers, make Ford the Employer of Choice for Asian Indian professionals, and develop business and technical skills of Asian Indian employees to ensure a competitive advantage for Ford. FAIA also works to enhance awareness and understanding of Asian Indian culture among all employees. Ford Chinese Association (FCA) One of the oldest resource groups at Ford, FCA represents a highly motivated group of dedicated professionals, eagerly bringing diversity to the workplace. FCA promotes activities for technical and cultural exchange within its membership and with outside associations as well. Members actively support the company’s business initiatives. Ford Finance Network (FFN) The FFN is dedicated to helping new Ford Finance hires acclimate to the company. To that end, Detroit-area members sponsor a professional development event, a social event and a brown bag lunch presentation event each quarter. They coordinate a â€Å"buddy† system where new hires are paired with experienced Finance employees. They maintain a Web site that includes the FFN membership database and biographies. This Web site also links to key Ford information, events and FAQ’s, and provides reviews of local entertainment spots. Ford Gay, Lesbian or Bisexual Employees (GLOBE) Ford-GLOBE is active in making Ford a gay-friendly company. It strongly supports the company’s EEO policy. GLOBE has chapters in Great Britain, Germany and the U.S. providing worldwide networking and confidential employee support. Members actively champion diversity education, recruiting and marketing. They hold monthly membership meetings, lunches and socials while supporting many community events. Ford Hispanic Network Group (F-HNG) F-HNG, through service and support, strives to be a positive force in the Hispanic community. The group’s vision is to assist the corporate effort to employ, develop and retain Hispanics in the workforce. Programs include hosting professional development events and sponsoring speakers on diversity initiatives. Professional Women’s Network (PWN) PWN focuses on professional development for women, promoting an environment that attracts, develops, retains and advances talented women for the Ford team. PWN sponsors motivational speakers, mentoring programs, leadership initiatives and community projects. Women in Finance (WIF) WIF is an affiliate of the Professional Women’s Network. Ford key goals include the enhancement of personal and professional development, member networking and the support of the company’s diversity efforts. Initiatives include motivational speakers, panel discussions, recruiting, flexible work arrangements, financial planning and community activities. Ford Parenting Network (FPN) FPN works to support employees in balancing work and family life. We also serve as a resource to the company on issues that affect working parents. FPN primary mission is to further Ford’s effort to create a balanced worklife environment- an environment where maximum contribution at work is balanced with the employee’s fulfillment of personal and family responsibilities. We work to promote family-friendly worklife policies and decisions at Ford. We sponsor ongoing parenting classes and outstanding parenting seminars, and we offer networking opportunities for Ford parents. Ford Interfaith Network (FIN) Founded in 2000, the Ford Interfaith Network (FIN) aims to assist the company in becoming a worldwide corporate leader in promoting religious tolerance, corporate integrity, and human dignity. They strive to act in accordance with their beliefs and out of love for human beings and all of creation, promoting understanding and respect for the various faiths. They help management to: o increase and maintain religious diversity o attract, develop, and retain talented employees of faith o be more aware of religious consumers and investors needs Middle Eastern Community @ Ford Motor Company (MEC@Ford) Everyone is welcome to join MEC@Ford, a resource group dedicated to making Ford Motor Company the preferred automotive producer among Middle Eastern communities. Goals include building consumer relationships, demonstrating corporate citizenship, promoting diversity and developing cultural awareness. Activities include working with area schools, and mentoring and support for employees of Middle Eastern backgrounds. Ford Employees Dealing with Disabilities (FEDA) Founded in 2002, FEDA envisions becoming the first-stop resource for Ford Motor Company employees dealing with disabilities. They seek to provide information and networking tools, eliminate social barriers, and contribute to culture change in the workplace for the benefit of all. Ford Diversity in the Marketplace More than half of new-car buyers are women or people of color. Today, multicultural groups represent 37 percent of the United States population. By 2010, more than 40 percent of the population will be ethnically diverse. Ford already has the industry’s strongest family of brands, including Ford, Lincoln, Mercury, Volvo, Jaguar, Mazda, Land Rover and Aston Martin. This vast line-up of products allows ford customers to stay under the Ford Motor Company umbrella as they grow and progress throughout their lives. Each of these brands designs, markets and produces high-quality products that connect with ford customers. Ford products and ford marketing messages have found universal appeal, regardless of people’s interests, cultures and traditions. Over the past four years, the company’s multicultural efforts have grown. They have a solid record of success. Their largest brand, Ford, has been the top U.S. brand for Hispanics for six consecutive years (R.L. Polk data, 1997-2003). Ford Division also has been among the top sellers to the U.S. African-American and Asian markets. Ford Division has awarded more than 850 college scholarship grants, totaling $1,515,000, to Hispanic high school seniors through the Spirit of Accomplishment scholastic program, from 1997 – present. The Mustang is the number one selling sports car to Hispanics and African-Americans. It essentially owns the segment with 45% of the Hispanic and 46% of the African-American share. The Ford F-150 is the top selling vehicle to Hispanics and the top selling full-size pickup to African-Americans. 2005 was a record a F-series Hispanic sales year selling more than 61,000 retail units. More F-150s are sold to Hispanics than any other truck, car or SUV in the United States. Left to right: Kiyoshi Ozaki, senior managing executive officer, China Business, Mazda Motor Corp.; Mark Fields, executive vice president, Ford Motor Company, and president, The Americas; Sanae Fusao, interpreter, Mazda Motor Corp. and Kazuhide Watanabe, chairman of the board, Mazda Motor Corp. Ford is aggressively expanding its online presence with highly interactive content in the Hispanic, African-American and Asian markets. They recently launched a new multilanguage Asian-American Web site and have the industry’s most comprehensive and integrated Hispanic Web site. The Fusion’s integrated multicultural marketing campaign has played a key role in making Ford’s newest midsize sedan a sales success. In 2004, Volvo launched its first brochure in Chinese and Korean. Today, Ford is building upon this strong foundation and taking our multicultural marketing to a new level. Since Ford company began, our grass-roots efforts have reinforced Ford’s commitment to diverse populations. They are finding new ways to reach out through local sponsorships and community involvement. Each of their brands has an active multicultural marketing program. Ford is committed to the communities where people do business. This commitment has driven the company to devel op many creative programs that give directly back to the community. The Ford Mi Negocio (My Business) web portal is the first Hispanic entrepreneurial online business community of its kind. It provides sound business advice in Spanish to Hispanic entrepreneurs. Ford is also committed to the Ford Historically Black College and Universities (HBCU) Business Classic, a real world business plan competition with $100,000 in scholarships open to 370,000 HBCU students and their prospective schools. .Ford Dealers Suppliers At Ford, they value the dealers and suppliers who make up their extended family. This is why, for several decades, they have been an industry leader in the development of minority dealers and suppliers. Not only does their support of dealers and suppliers make Ford a stronger company, it also encourages entrepreneurship and brings new wealth and job opportunities to communities throughout the country. Lizabeth Ardisana, chief executive officer, ASG Renaissance, is a Ford supplier and the first woman to chair the board of the Michigan Hispanic Chamber of Commerce. With 373 minority dealers in the United States, Ford has a greater percentage of minority dealers – 7.8% – than any other major automaker. Ford purchased more than $3.7 billion of goods and services from minority suppliers in 2005 – more than the revenue of some Fortune 500 companies. This commitment has earned to Ford a spot on the â€Å"Billion Dollar Roundtable,† a small group of companies that have spent $1 billion or more with minority suppliers. Ford’s Insight program helps dealers better understand and serve African-Americans, Asian-Americans, gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgender customers, Hispanics, women and young adults. The program includes Web-based cultural training, in-dealership workshops and assistance in developing comprehensive multicultural strategies. Minorities who have dedicated themselves to a career in automotive retailing often are eligible for funding from Ford. Through Ford’s Dealer Development Investment Program, the company will fund up to 90% of an eligible candidate’s investment capital – the seed money that’s needed to buy a dealership. Their support of the largest minority suppliers also benefits smaller minority-owned businesses. In 2005, more than 500 of their largest suppliers purchased more than $12 billion from minority-owned businesses. Ford has made its M-Tier program available to all its suppliers. Those who want to launch their own Tier 2 program to report diverse purchases may do so at no charge. They made history in 2004 by awarding a $500-million contract to one of the largest African-American-owned companies in the United States. Through their industry-leading Supplier Diversity Development Program, Ford sponsors financial assistance, loans and subsidies for consultants who work closely with suppliers to develop business plans, improve quality and identify problems. .Conclusion Concluding I would like to say that every company should work on diversity because is very important for everyone and in the end we are all human beings, so we should not have differentiation with each other. And finishing I would like to add the 4 main points for diversity which are: â€Å"By using the company’s policy to do things in a positive way and celebrate the key people driving the diversity policy, we have found that people remain motivated and more committed to diversity and its benefits to the business.† â€Å"Diversity works best when its driven from the top, and is part of the way we relate to one another no matter where we are in the company.† â€Å"Making the link between diversity and work life balance is critical.† â€Å"Recognising that contributing to our communities complements our diversity vision.† SOURCES USED wikipedia.org ford.com/en bredin.ab.ca/ImmigrantServices/Employment Preparation/Cultural Diversity in the Workplace.aspx Research Papers on Cultural Diversity of Ford Motor Company EmployeesTwilight of the UAWMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationHip-Hop is ArtBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X

Knowledge managment MBA Level Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Knowledge managment MBA Level - Assignment Example It is because of these problems that knowledge management (which entails generation and Embedment of knowledge into the operations of these construction organisations) has been enhanced. Regardless of the fact that generation and Embedment of knowledge in these organizations is of great importance, their implementation is also faced with challenges such as mistrust, and poor management of knowledge among others. Introduction Construction projects have become very dynamic and complicated in the recent times such that managers of these projects face great challenges in managing the current projects (Bektas, Heintz, & Wamelink 2007). Normally, construction companies as well as their employees perform activities as well as tasks associated with project management based on the past experience instead of following or using approaches prescribed in textbooks (Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi 2004). They also prefer these carrying out project management activities based on their past work expe riences to utilizing analytical approach. Also, costs associated with retaining, recruiting and attracting employees who are talented and experienced is normally high. This fact is further complicated by fact that in the recent times construction companies have been losing some of their most talented, skilled, experienced and knowledgeable employees to other industries as well as to other competing construction companies (Bektas, Heintz, & Wamelink 2007). One of the ways of ensuring that the skills, knowledge and experience related to managing these projects are retained is by knowledge management. Knowledge is normally considered is one of the most essential factors in project management as well as managements associated with decision making processes (Anumba , Egbu & Carillo 2005). Knowledge also ensures that construction companies have competitive advantage while carrying out construction projects. Therefore, knowledge management would ensure that knowledge and experience related to managing these projects are distributed and utilized accordingly (Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi 2004). Regardless of the fact that generation and embedment of knowledge in these organizations is of great importance, their implementation is also faced with challenges and threats. This research paper, therefore, aims at identifying challenges and opportunities that confront project-based organisations. The research paper will also identify some of the challenges that face generation and embedment knowledge into the operations of these organizations in the construction industry. Challenges facing project-based organizations Before discussing the challenges that face project based organizations it is important that the meaning of expression â€Å"project-based organization† is understood. According to Sydow, Lindkvist, & DeFillippi (2004), project-based organizations are those organizations that involve themselves with temporary projects or temporary project tasks such as co nstruction activities. These organizations are the common phenomenon in construction industry, and are normally faced with a number of challenges. The challenges or dilemmas that normally face project-based organizations are discussed in the preceding paragraphs. One major challenges that faces project-based organization is dilemmas associated with their practices and the need theory. According to Syd

Jonestown Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jonestown - Movie Review Example It was not enough for Jim Jones that people of his church followed him, he wanted more. "What you need to believe in is what you can see  ... If you see me as your savior, I'll be your savior. If you see me as your God, I'll be your God† Hue Fortson, Jr. quoted Jones. Jim Jones wanted to be Christ. In early 70’s in his book â€Å"Letter Killed† he started to criticize the Bible for the gender & racial discrimination, and preaching that he is a reincarnation of Jesus Christ. In spring 1976 Jim started to confess openly that he is an atheist. He was losing his capability to be a leader due to his dependence on drugs and mental sickness. His behavior was really disturbing. Prior to the mass suicide many people in his community were stating they did not want to die with â€Å"The Temple†, but Jones did not want to let people make their own decision, he was persuading them: â€Å"Don't be afraid to die; it is just stepping over into another plane. We didn't c ommit suicide; we committed an act of revolutionary suicide protesting the conditions of an inhumane world.† Jim Jones had high level of intellect, getting almost the best grades in his class and was always the best student in public speaking. In his childhood he was insatiable  reader and especially liked writings of Stalin, Hitler and Machiavelli.

Strategic Management in Tourism, Sports and Event Case Study

Strategic Management in Tourism, Sports and Event - Case Study Example Sports industry has grown considerably due to the growing interests related to games, health and fitness. Focusing on this aspect, the case study intends to reveal ways of doing business in light of increased environmental concerns for a popular sport organisation namely Manchester United Football Club. Besides, the case study also discusses various growth strategies that can be used for Manchester United to expand the business. Corporate Social Responsibility In the context of strategic management, corporate social responsibility (CSR) is significantly influencing the business at an alarming rate. CSR is linked with core business objectives and core competencies and it can provide positive financial yields for Manchester United along with facilitating it to create a positive environmental impact in the world (McElhaney, 2009). New Ways of Doing Business In current business context, environmental problems such as climate change create an impact on every aspect of the economy and sports industry is no exception. Sports business is potentially an environmentally sensitive segment and is likely to be impacted by climate change. In present days, there is an increasing awareness about certain environmental issues such as greenhouse gas (GHG) emission, carbon emission, energy consumption and waste management among others (The Higher Education Academy, 2008; Carroll & Shabana, 2010). CSR Initiative Optimal for Manchester United The corporate trend towards CSR signifies substantial prospects for Manchester United to capitalise on pervasive demands of sports along with the financial strength of the business (Manchester United Limited, 2011). In order to understand the most optimal CSR initiative for an organisation, first there is a need to make an internal analysis such as SWOT. Appendix 1 and 2 shows the SWOT analysis of Manchester United and the SWOT analysis with the aid of Weighting/Ranking System. Concerning the internal aspects of Manchester United, it can be stated that the organisation possesses a number of ways for positioning the CSR strategies. For instance, it can make progression towards accomplishing profit objectives by of its involvement in sport related or spectator services along with developing partnerships with other organisations in an attempt to advance CSR programs (Smith & Westerbeek, 2007). Clear CSR Leadership Position In order to be comp etitive in present day’s business environment, organisations must constantly innovate and observe the activities of the competitors. Manchester United has corporate responsibility to ensure safe and healthy atmosphere and is committed to maintain sound environmental performance by constant maintenance of environmental management system (Akesson, 2010; Breitbarth et al., 2011). Strategic Group Analysis of Sports Industry Strategic group is a concept which is used to classify groups of organisations within similar industry, having similar business models (Reger & Huff, 2010). The following figure will show the strategic groups in the United Kingdom sports industry with reference to football segment. Aspects such as extent of branding and number of market segment served have been used for demonstrating the strategic group of Manchester United. According to the above figure, the key competitors of Manchester United in the Asian market are Arsenal Holdings plc, Chelsea and Liverpo ol Football Club (Henry, 2008). Arsenal and Chelsea have focused on Asian participation being through academies and programs while Liverpool is focusing on Indian market for opening of its own academy (Chelsea, 2013; The Arsenal Football Club Plc, 2011; Eurosport, 2013) Growth Strategy for 2014 to 2015 Business growth for an organisatio

Severe Storm exam Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Severe Storm exam - Assignment Example It is because of this movement that a derecho is referred to as a; â€Å"straight-line wind damage†. Derecho winds originate from downbursts. They possess almost similar characteristics. The inherent difference is that; derechos assume a curved shape, while downbursts maintain horizontal dimensions of approximately 4 to 6 miles. Winds in a derecho have must be greater than 57mph for them to be considered as severe wind gusts (according to the National Weather Service). There are three different types of derechos: serial derencho, progressive derencho, and boundary waters-Canadian derencho. The serial derencho originates from multiple bow echoes in a wide squall line. The progressive derecho originates from single bow echoes in short line of winds and thunderstorms. The Boundary Waters-Canadian Derecho develops from a narrow progressive derecho in the bow echo system. The ‘derecho triangle’ is extensive; from Minneapolis to Dallas to Pittsburgh. Derechos occur mostly in the late spring and summer seasons. They take place along two axes: the extensive â€Å"corn-belt† region; from the upper Mississippi Valley to the Ohio Valley and from the mid Mississippi Valley to the southern plains. They are not common during autumn and winter. If they occur during these seasons, they are experienced in eastern Texas to the south eastern states. Isolated derecho have been experienced in the western United States during the spring. In the mid-Atlantic, derechos are mostly experienced in the warm season. They take place on the fringes of great heat waves. Large-scale heat waves provide conditions that are conducive for the development of derechos. The heat waves and derechos are linked by an Elevated Mixed Layer (EML); mid-tropospheric layer of air that develops over the elevated arid terrain. Emls exhibit steep reductions in temperature with height. These temperature differentials enhance

The Parameters and Results Displayed in Sysmex UF-100 Assignment

The Parameters and Results Displayed in Sysmex UF-100 - Assignment Example The urine conductivity is measured in Sysmex UF-100. The formed elements or cells are analyzed by electrical impedance for volume, by forwarding light scatter for size. To enhance the contrast fluorescent dyes like phenanthridine is used to delineate DNA and carbocyanine is used to stain the cell membranes. The cells will naturally vary in their sizes, shapes, volumes, and staining characteristics. Depending on these criteria, the cells and formed elements will be categorized in multidimensional space.The results in Sysmex UF-100 are displayed in scattergrams on a screen and a printout of the results can be taken to be analyzed.It is a very reliable method of complete automated urinalysis. It can perform sensitive quantitative microscopic urinalysis completely automatically without the intervention of an operator or attendance of an analyst. Thus, this is capable of accurate and precise quantification of microscopic elements in urine with no interaction. In studies, it has been prove d that the results bear concordance with other studies, such as automated Dipstick reader.Conventional microscopic analysis cannot be substituted by Sysmex UF-100. Microscopic sediment analysis combined with UF-100 can improve the quality and productivity of urinalysis. Also, this can greatly reduce the number of specimens sent for microscopic examination of urine specimens.Combined analysis by a strip reader and automated counting can reduce the number of urine microscopic examinations, can reduce turn-around times, can reduce manual labor, thus can attend many patients who can be treated rapidly in case of an established UTI.

Unit 5 discussion board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 5 discussion board - Essay Example In 2002, 70% of the notebook PCs sold were offered with a rebate and the concept seems simple enough (McGinn, 2003). Buy a $1000 notebook and save $200 after filling in the required paperwork, sending it into a third party processing center, and waiting the required number of weeks for your check to arrive. This is a great deal for the manufacturer as they have sold you a PC that was on sale for $800 and then asked you to loan them $200 for a couple of months. No interest is offered, and there is a risk that you may never see your money. Manufacturers rely on human nature to misplace the paperwork, send it in incomplete, or forget it ever existed. For the people that do get the rebate, they merely break even. The sellers have increased cash flow and sold a number of their products at $200 above market value. These practices are as deceptive as a carnival shell game and could have a negative effect on a companys reputation Whether a consumer will even apply for the rebate is largely determined by the amount being offered. While cosmetics that offer $1 back may go discarded, more expensive items will naturally get a better response. However, even on high-dollar electronics the rates can be surprisingly low. Timothy Silk, a University of Florida researcher, found, "...redemption rates, even on larger-ticket purchases such as computers and televisions, are well below 50 percent" (Keen, 2004). Networking accessories manufacturer Asante Technologies sees an even lower response rate. Jim Hsia, vice president of marketing says, "the typical redemption rate for his companys products hovers between 2 and 15 percent" (Millard, 2003). Most people will never see a rebate. In new car sales, rebates can work against the automakers intentions. A consumer electronics rebate can be used to attract attention to an item and create store traffic. However, on an expensive purchase such as a new car, the customer sees the rebate as part

Literature Sources for Nurse Administrators

Literature Sources for Nurse Administrators Pramila Chaudhary Nurse leaders today are assuming active role in planning, designing, managing, and organizing patient care delivery models in order to meet the challenges of mounting health care costs faced by health care settings. Department of Health and Human Services, through their Medicare Shared Savings Program, released a rule in 2011, to reward Account Care Organizations that lower healthcare cost and meet evidence-based quality performance parameters (Hajewski, 2014). A nurse administrator in healthcare setting is required to implement measures to find efficient ways of providing nursing care, safety, quality outcomes, and staff development. Planning care management based on evidence and research are within scope of nursing and the conceptual framework of management and leadership (Galganski, 2006). Nurse administrators today have access to many sources of financial and business literature regarding current trends in health care changes and its implication to leadership and management theor y. Table -A below identifies five source journals and Table-B identifies ten literature sources for reference in advance clinical practice and planning care models best outcomes for patients. Nurse leaders are required to continually meet current demands of rising health care costs and must plan to implement value-based changes to provide the best patient care. Table-A below shows management Journals for reference providing knowledge through peer reviewed articles on the web links on the site. Table-B below shows literature sources found to add current knowledge through blogs, news and peer reviewed articles compiled on the web links provided on the site. Interagency Council on Information Resources in Nursing (ICIRN) (ICIRN, 2014) gives a comprehensive guide to how resources can be applied to nursing practice depending on the need to research related practice articles. Journal Resource Usefulness in Practice Journal Of Nursing Administration (JONA) JONA is a journal for nursing leaders and administrators to be used as a guide for decisions in managing healthcare organization related to nursing, business and finance. Nurse leaders can also avail current news, blogs, and research relating to healthcare organizations from JONA, a peer-reviewed journal (JONA, 2014). Nursing Management Journal Nursing Management journal is a resource for nurse leaders with peer-reviewed articles that provide practical information, as well as legal and ethical guide to nursing practice. â€Å"Nursing Management provides regular features, columns, continuing education, staff development and education, and more.† (Nursing Management, 2014). Nursing Administration Quarterly Journal Nursing Administration Quarterly (NAQ) journal provides peer-reviewed articles that nursing administrators can use to answer nursing practice and management related questions. It is published 4 times per year (NAQ, 2014). Nursing Economic$ Journal Nursing Economic$ provides resources for nursing leadership in health care. â€Å"The journal supports nurse leaders and others who are responsible for directing nursings impact on health care cost and quality outcomes.† (Nurse Economics, 2014). Nurse Leader (Bimonthly Journal) Nurse Leader journal is a bimonthly journal and provides nurses with practical information like how to strive for magnet status of hospital and other management studies in organizational theory, and is a valuable reference for nurse leaders (Nurse Leader, 2014). Table-A- Journal Sources Literature Sources Usefulness in Practice American Nurses Association (ANA) Nursing world. ANA is a professional Nursing organization promoting the rights of nurses, lobbying for nurses in the congress. ANA codes of ethics are used as guide to address nursing practice issues. ANA established a code of professional nursing and is a valuable source for ethics in nursing (ANA, 2014). Journal of Advanced Nursing The Journal of Advanced Nursing (JAN) is an international peer reviewed Journal.JAN is well known for research and scholarship advocacy, and for up to date news on quality standards. It is a source for nursing administrators for news, journals articles and current information for nursing, medicine, allied health, and pharmacy. Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. (2014). (Quarterly). This online Journal from Sigma Theta Tau International is free for members and provides knowledge, systematic reviews, and articles useful for nursing practice, current quality and research information. Nursing administrators, nursing educators and public health care policy makers can use this information. STTI addresses current nursing and healthcare trends and issues in nursing and health care (STTI, 2014). Lippincott ‘s Nursing Center.com This site provides professional and clinical database for nursing administration practice and organizations including CE, nursing journals abstracts, certification and licensure guides, news updates, job opportunities, and RSS feeds (Really Simple Syndication). (Nursingcenter.com, 2014). The Joint Commission. The Joint Commission is an independent organization and promotes safe patient care by accreditation for hospitals and other health organizations. Nursing administrators can use this source to guide hospital quality and practice standards (Joint Commission, 214) Online Journal of Nursing Informatics (OJNI) As described in the information about the journal, OJNI provides knowledge regarding electronic documenting for managing health records and nursing care. OJNI can be used for reference and new and updated informatics news in nursing practice (OJNI, 2014). Medscape Nurses web site Medscape Nurses site includes Blogs, experts, and viewpoints; it also provides free newsletters alerts on clinical advances in nursing, and includes current information for education and clinical nursing practice (Medscape nurses, 2014). American Journal of Nursing (AJN) The American Journal of Nursing promotes high standards in nursing practice. It is peer reviewed and evidence-based, and presents professional issues faced by nurses. This is a useful site as it promotes nursing perspectives (AJN, 2014). AHRQ (Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality) The Agency for Healthcare Research and Qualitys (AHRQ) is a resource from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and offers quality, safety, and evidence based research information (AHRQ, 2014). This site is useful to get current research and quality measures that are being studied and to get data on previous studies, useful for nursing practice as it relates to patient care (AHRQ, 2014). Association of Operating Room Nursing (AORN, 2014) The AORN Journal and website is a resource for standards of operating room nursing with scholarly, evidence-based, peer-reviewed articles. The journal and website provide physiological, behavioral, patient safety. Information regarding research and quality improvement, and education can be obtained here. This journal provides valuable information and recommends standards of perioperative nursing(AORN, 2014). Table –B – Literature Sources The article in Journal of Nursing Administration, â€Å"Care Coordination: A Model for the Acute Care Hospital Setting† by Hajewski Shirey (2014), addresses problem of fragmented care by physicians and multiple care providers resulting in increased health costs. The new care model is developed in response to healthcare reform legislation, which rewards accountable care organizations through a Shared Medicare Savings program, accounting for quality of care and reducing medical cost. The article provides valuable information to nursing administrators. The article in Nursing Management journal by Hollingsworth et al., (2014), â€Å"Diving into data: Quantifying efficiency by improving patient flow† proposes care organizations to strive for quality and volume in keeping with current demands placed by Affordable Care Act. Hollingsworth et al., (2014) propose that hospitals must reduce admission delays, long waits, uncoordinated care, and discharge processes. The article proposes electronic debriefing of daily operations and bed status report to organizational leadership for more efficient outcomes. The article in American Journal of Nursing by Wallis (2014-11), â€Å"CMS to Compensate Providers for Coordinating Care† discusses how nurse practioners may be compensated for services they already provide to chronically ill patients they care for. According to Wallis (2014), CMS establishes new policy to pay for coordination of care in management of multiple chronic health conditions. This policy is geared towards better access and quality of care for Medicare beneficiaries. The article also discusses patient centered care document and Shared Savings Program for long-term care management services. Nurse leaders may apply methods based on information from credible journals to improve care in an efficient manner. The article, â€Å"Physician Practice Participation in Accountable Care Organizations: The Emergence of the Unicorn† by Shortell et al., (2014) analyses a study to evaluate participation of physicians and healthcare management processes to provide efficient care in Accountable care Organizations. Shortell et al., (2014) argue that the affordable care act expansion of coverage will not remain affordable over time, unless hospitals find a way to deliver care more efficiently and effectively. Lewis et al., in their article found in the Cochrane Library database, discussed increasing demand for healthcare providers to reduce costs in surgical cases. Lewis et al., propose that studies did not reveal a clear difference between care provided by anesthesiologist and nurse anesthetist when it came to adverse patient outcomes like death. As healthcare expands in the Affordable Heath Care Act, hospitals are driven toward using nurse anesthetists in order to implement cost reducing measures (Lewis et al., 2014). Nursing leadership can use this study to relate to their facility. Conclusion In conclusion, nurse leaders and managers have access to current and credible literature from wide range of disciplines ranging from nursing, medicine, social sciences, business, finance, and research regarding evidence based practice and quality measures, and management and leadership topics, which is useful in planning and directing nursing care as well as implement changes on policies and procedures that need to be re evaluated. Nursing management includes direct care managers who are responsible for primary care, middle managers who are responsible for coordinating care between departments, and nurse executives who are responsible for directing care in a healthcare facility; reviewing the literature is equally valuable for all levels of management for guiding decisions based on current knowledge. Nurse educators and faculty uses literature review as a teaching strategy, and for professional development of graduating nurses. Searching databases like CINAHL and PubMed will provide a wide range of nursing practice and related discipline topics, in addition nurse administrators need to consider rising health care costs and new regulations to form partnership with government such as Shared Medicare Savings program pose new challenges for todays nursing administrators. References AHRQ. (2014). About Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Retrieved from http://www.ahrq.gov/consumer/ American Journal of Nursing. (AJN). (2014). About the Journal. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Pages/AbouttheJournal.aspx American Nurses Association. (2014). About American Nurses Association. Retrieved from http://nursingworld.org/FunctionalMenuCategories/AboutANA Association of Operating Room Nursing. (2014). About AORN. Retrieved from http://www.aornjournal.org Essential Nursing Resources: for the Interagency Council on Information Resources in Nursing (ICIRN).. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved from http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Essential+Nursing+Resources%3a+for+the+Interagency+ Council+on-a0209535655 Galganski, C. J. (2006). Mapping the literature of nursing administration. Journal Of The Medical Library Association, 94E-87-E-91. Hajewski, C. (2014-11). Care coordination: a model for the acute care hospital setting. The Journal of nursing administration, 44(11), 577585.doi:10.1097/NNA.0000000000000129 Hollingsworth Forbes III, T., Crickmore Osborne, K., Hartsell, K. C., Wall, B. (2014). Diving into data: Quantifying efficiency by improving patient flow. Nursing Management, 45(7), 18-25. doi:10.1097/01.NUMA.0000451031.54092.2c Joint Commission Resources. (2014) About Joint Commission. Retrieved from http://www.jointcommission.org/about_us/about_the_joint_commission_main.aspx Journal of Nursing Administration (JONA). (2014). About the journal. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/jonajournal/pages/aboutthejournal.aspx Lewis SR, Nicholson A, Smith AF, Alderson P. Physician anaesthetists versus non-physician providers of anaesthesia for surgical patients. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2014, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD010357. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010357.pub2. Lippincott ‘s Nursing Center.com (2014). About the Journal. Retrieved from http://nursingcenter.com Medscape Nurses. (2014). About Medscape Nurses. Retrieved from http://www.medscape.com/nurses/resource Nurse Leader. (2014). About the journal. Retrieved from http://www.nurseleader.com/content/aims Nursing Management (NM). (2014). About the Publication. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/nursingmanagement/Pages/aboutthepublication.aspx Nursing Economic$. (2014). The Journal for Healthcare leaders. About the journal. Retrieved from http://www.nursingeconomics.net/cgi-bin/WebObjects/NECJournal Online Journal of Nursing Informatics. (OJNI). (2014). About the Journal. Retrieved from http://www.ojni.org Shortell, S. M., McClellan, S. R., Ramsay, P. P., Casalino, L. P., Ryan, A. M., Copeland, K. R. (2014). Physician Practice Participation in Accountable Care Organizations: The Emergence of the Unicorn. Health Services Research, 49(5), 1519-1536. doi:10.1111/1475-6773.1216 The American Journal of Nursing (AJN). (2014). About the journal. Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/ajnonline/Pages/AbouttheJournal.aspx The Journal of Advanced Nursing (JAN). (2014). Overview of the journal. Retrieved from http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)13652648/homepage/ProductInfor mation.html Wallis, L. (2014-11). CMS to Compensate Providers for Coordinating Care. The American journal of nursing, 114(11), 16.doi:10.1097/01.NAJ.0000456414.33785.23 Worldviews on Evidence-Based Nursing. (2014). (Quarterly). SSTI Journals. About SSTI. Retrieved from http://www.nursingsociety.org/Publications/Pages/Journals.aspx Wolters Kluwer Health and Lippincott Williams Wilkins. (2014). Retrieved from http://journals.lww.com/pages/default.aspx

What Is Power Electronics Engineering Essay

What Is Power Electronics Engineering Essay Power electronics involves the study of electronic circuits intended to control the flow of electrical energy. These circuits handle power flow at levels much higher than the individual device ratings. It has been said that people do not use electricity, but rather they use communication, light, mechanical work, entertainment, and all the tangible benefits of both energy and electronics. In this sense, electrical engineering is a discipline very much involved in energy conversion and information. In the general world of electronics engineering, the circuits engineers design and use are intended to convert information, with energy merely a secondary consideration in most cases. This is true of both analog and digital circuit design. In radio frequency applications, energy and information are sometimes on a more equal footing, but the main function of any circuit is that of information transfer. What about the conversion and control of electrical energy itself? Electrical energy sources are varied and of many types. It is natural, then, to consider how electronic circuits and systems can be applied to the challenges of energy conversion and management. This is the framework of power electronics, a discipline that is defined in terms of electrical energy conversion, applications, and electronic devices. More specifically, Rectifiers are probably the most familiar example of circuits that meet this definition. Inverters (a general term for dc-ac converters) and dc-dc converters for power supplies are also common applications. As shown in Fig. 1.1, power electronics represents a median point at which the topics of energy systems, electronics, and control converge and combine [1].Any useful circuit design for the control of power must address issues of both devices and control, as well as of the energy itself. Among the unique aspects of power electronics are its emphasis on lar ge semiconductor devices, the application of magnetic devices for energy storage, and special control methods that must be applied to nonlinear systems. In any study of electrical engineering, power electronics must be placed on a level with digital, analog, and radio-frequency electronics if we are to reflect its distinctive design methods and unique challenges. FIGURE 1.1 Control, energy, and power electronics are interrelated. All power electronic circuits manage the flow of electrical energy between some sort of source and a load. The parts in a circuit must direct electrical flows, not impede them. A general power conversion system is shown in Fig. 1.2. The function of the power converter positioned at the middle is that of controlling energy flow between a given electrical source and a given load. For our purposes, the power converter will be implemented with a power electronic circuit. As a power converter appears between a source and a load, any energy used within the converter is lost to the overall system. A crucial point emergesà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬to build a power converter, we should consider only lossless components. A realistic converter design must approach 100% efficiency. A power converter connected between a source and a load also affects system reliability. FIGURE 1.2 General systems for electric power conversion A circuit built from ideal switches will be lossless. As a result, switches are the main components of power converters, and many people equate power electronics with the study of switching power converters. Magnetic transformers and lossless storage elements such as capacitors and inductors are also valid candidates for use in power converters. The complete concept, shown in Fig. 1.3, illustrates a power electronic system. Such a system consists of an energy source, an electrical load, a power electronic circuit, and control functions. The power electronic circuit contains switches, lossless energy storage elements, and magnetic transformers. The controls take information from the source, load, and designer and then determine how the switches operate to achieve the desired conversion. The controls are usually built up with conventional low-power analog and digital electronics. FIGURE 1.3 a basic power electronic system Trends in Power Supplies : As costs of electronics decline, the power supply becomes a larger fraction of system cost and design effort. One major manufacturer estimates that power supply cost will soon reach 50% of the total cost of a typical electronic product such as a cordless telephone or personal computer. Thus, new technology developments in power supplies are critically important. In the past, bulky linear power supplies were designed with transformers and rectifiers from the ac line frequency to provide low-level dc voltages for electronic circuits. Late in the 1960s, use of dc sources in aerospace applications led to the development of power electronic dc-dc conversion circuits for power supplies. In a typical power electronics arrangement today, an ac source from a wall outlet is rectified without any transformation; the resulting high dc voltage is converted through a dc-dc circuit to the 5V, 12 V, or other level required. These switched-mode power supplies are rapidly supplanting linear supplies across the full spectrum of circuit applications. A personal computer commonly requires three different 5V supplies, two .12 V supplies, a ÃÆ' ¿12 V supply, a 24 V supply, and perhaps a few more. This does not include supplies for 1 Introduction 3 video display or peripheral devices. Only a switched-mode supply can support such complex requirements without high costs. The bulk and weight of linear supplies make them infeasible for hand-held communication devices, calculators, notebook computers, and similar equipment. Switched-mode supplies often take advantage of MOSFET semiconductor technology. Trends toward high reliability, low cost, and miniaturization have reached the point at which a 5 V power supply sold today might last 1,000,000 hr (more than 100 yr), provide 100Wof output in a package with volume This type of supply brings an interesting dilemma: the ac line cord to plug it in actually takes up more space than the power supply itself. Innovative concepts such as integrating a power supply within a connection cable will be used in the future. Device technology for power supplies is being driven by expanding needs in the automotive and telecommunications industries as well as in markets for portable equipment. The automotive industry is making a transition to 42 V systems to handle increasing electric power needs. Power conversion for this industry must be cost effective, yet rugged enough to survive the high vibration and wide temperature range to which a passenger car is exposed. Global communication is possible only when sophisticated equipment can be used almost anywhere. This brings a special challenge, because electrical supplies are neither reliable nor consistent throughout much of the world. While in North America voltage swings in the domestic ac supply are often Given the enormous size of worldwide markets for telephones and consumer electronics, there is a clear need for flexible-source equipment. Designers are challenged to obtain maximum performance from small batteries, and to create equipment with minimal energy requirements. DEVICE TYPE CHARACTERISTICS OF POWER DEVICES Diode: Current ratings from 5000 A. Voltage ratings from 10V to 10 kV or more. The fastest power devices switch in BJT (Bipolar Junction Transistor): Conducts collector current (in one direction) when sufficient base current is applied. Power device current ratings from 0.5 to 500 A or more; voltages from 30 to 1200V. Switching times from 0.5 to 100 ms. The function applies to dc-dc circuits; combinations with diodes are used in inverters. Power BJTs are being supplanted by FETs and IGBTs. FET (Field Effect Transistor): Conducts drain current when sufficient gate voltage is applied. Power FETs (nearly always enhancement mode MOSFETs) have a parallel connected reverse diode by virtue of their construction. Ratings from _1 to _100 A and 30 up to 1000V. Switching times are fast, from 50 or less up to 200 ns. The function applies to dc-dc conversion, where the FET is in wide use, and to inverters. IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor): A special type of power FET that has the function of a BJT with its base driven by a FET. Faster than a BJT of similar ratings, and easy to use. Ratings from 10 to >600 A, with voltages of 600 to 1700V. The IGBT is popular in inverters from _1 to 100kW or more. It is found almost exclusively in power electronics applications. SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier): A thyristor that conducts like a diode after a gate pulse is applied. Turns off only when current becomes zero. Prevents current flow until a pulse appears. Ratings from 10 up to more than 5000 A, and from 200V up to 6 kV. Switching requires 1 to 200 ms. widely used for controlled rectifiers. The SCR is found almost exclusively in power electronics applications, and is the most common member of the thyristor family. GTO (Gate Turn-Off Thyristor): an SCR that can be turned off by sending a negative pulse to its gate terminal. Can substitute for BJTs in applications where power ratings must be very high. The ratings approach those of SCRs, and the speeds are similar as well. Used in inverters rated >100 kW. TRIAC: A semiconductor constructed to resemble two SCRs connected in reverse parallel. Ratings from 2 to 50 A and 200 to 800V. Used in lamp dimmers, home appliances, and hand tools. Not as rugged as many other device types, but very convenient for many ac applications. MCT (MOSFET Controlled Thyristor): A special type of SCR that has the function of a GTO with its gate driven from a FET. Much faster than conventional GTOs, and easier to use. These devices are supplanting GTOs in some application areas. POWER CONVERTERS The power processors usually consist of more than one power conversion stage where the operation of these stages is decoupled on an instantaneous basis by means of energy storage elements such as capacitors and inductors. Therefore, the instantaneous power input does not have to equal the instantaneous power output. We will refer to each power conversion stage as a converter. Thus, a converter is a basic module (building block) of power electronic systems. It utilizes power semiconductor devices controlled by signal electronics (integrated circuits) and possibly energy storage elements such as inductors and capacitors. Based on the form (frequency) on the two sides, converters can be divided into the following broad categories: 1. AC to DC 2. DC to AC 3. DC to DC 4. AC to AC We will use converter as a generic tenn to refer to a single power conversion stage that may perform any of the functions listed above. To be more specific, in ac-to-dc and dc-to-ac conversion, rectifier refers to a converter when the average power flow is from the ac to the dc side. Inverter refers to the converter when the average power flow is from the dc to the ac side. In fact, the power flow through the converter may be reversible. Power Electronic Applications (a) Residential Refrigeration and freezers Space heating Air conditioning Cooking Lighting Electronics (personal computers, other entertainment equipment) (b) Commercial Heating. ventilating, and air conditioning Central refrigeration Lighting Computers and office equipment Uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) Elevators (c) Industrial Pumps Compressors Blowers and fans Machine tools (robots) Arc furnaces, induction furnaces Lighting Industrial lasers Induction heating Welding (d) Transportation Traction control of electric vehicles Battery chargers for electric vehicles Electric locomotives Street cars, trolley buses Subways Automotive electronics including engine controls (e) Utility systems High-voltage dc transmission (HVOC) Static var compensation (SVC) Supplemental energy sources (wind, photovoltaic), fuel cells Energy storage systems Induced-draft fans and boiler feed water pumps (f) Aerospace Space shuttle power supply systems Satellite power systems Aircraft power systems (g) Telecommunications Battery chargers Power supplies (dc and UPS)

Game Theory (strategic Thinking In Everyday Life) :: essays research papers

Game Theory (Strategic Thinking in Everyday Life) Have you ever been faced with having to live with a decision you made knowing that had you taken the time to analyze the outcomes you may have made a more intelligible choice? Most likely the answer to that question was "yes". After all that is more - or - less is what life is about, a series of choices and the outcomes we are faced to live with as a result of our decisions. Well your probably asking yourself "What does this obvious statement have to do with me?". I'll begin by telling you it has everything to do with you and everything to do with any situation you may confront from this day forward. After - all life is but a game and it is our goal to win. The fundamentals of the "Game Theory will provide us with the basic tools we need to succeed at this game. What is Game Theory? Simply put, it is the study of rational behavior in situations requiring interdependence. Wow! That seems like a pretty heavy statement. Actually it is pretty straight - forward. What is meant by "rational behavior or interdependance?" Rational behavior in game theory is the assumption that moral critique aside, the players in the game will act in a way which provides them with the greatest benefits.. Interdependence is the idea that what one player does will directly affect the other and vice -versa. By players I am talking about any two interdependant variables, whether they be people, countries, animals etc. Game theorist take apart a situation involving two players and systematically analyze their objectives and their potential outcomes. In doing so they are able to create models which replicate the basic motives each player has and diagram the outcomes.. Game theory is something that to some extent all of us have experience in. Game Theory (strategic Thinking In Everyday Life) :: essays research papers Game Theory (Strategic Thinking in Everyday Life) Have you ever been faced with having to live with a decision you made knowing that had you taken the time to analyze the outcomes you may have made a more intelligible choice? Most likely the answer to that question was "yes". After all that is more - or - less is what life is about, a series of choices and the outcomes we are faced to live with as a result of our decisions. Well your probably asking yourself "What does this obvious statement have to do with me?". I'll begin by telling you it has everything to do with you and everything to do with any situation you may confront from this day forward. After - all life is but a game and it is our goal to win. The fundamentals of the "Game Theory will provide us with the basic tools we need to succeed at this game. What is Game Theory? Simply put, it is the study of rational behavior in situations requiring interdependence. Wow! That seems like a pretty heavy statement. Actually it is pretty straight - forward. What is meant by "rational behavior or interdependance?" Rational behavior in game theory is the assumption that moral critique aside, the players in the game will act in a way which provides them with the greatest benefits.. Interdependence is the idea that what one player does will directly affect the other and vice -versa. By players I am talking about any two interdependant variables, whether they be people, countries, animals etc. Game theorist take apart a situation involving two players and systematically analyze their objectives and their potential outcomes. In doing so they are able to create models which replicate the basic motives each player has and diagram the outcomes.. Game theory is something that to some extent all of us have experience in.

Shakespeares Soliloquies - Hamlet’s Soliloquy Essay -- The Tragedy of

Hamlet's Soliloquy  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚         The purpose of a soliloquy is to outline the thoughts and feelings of a certain character at a point in the play. It reveals the innermost beliefs of the character and offers an unbiased perspective as it is merely the character talking to the audience, albeit not directly, and not to any other characters who may cause the character to withhold their true opinions. Therefore, Hamlet's first soliloquy (act 1, scene 2) is essential to the play as it highlights his inner conflict caused by the events of the play. It reveals his true feelings and as such emphasizes the difference between his public appearance, his attitude towards Claudius in the previous scene is less confrontational than here where he is directly insulted as a "satyr", and his feelings within himself. In this essay, I will outline how Shakespeare communicates the turmoil of Hamlet's psyche.    Hamlet's despair stems from his mother's marriage to his uncle and it is this that is the driving force behind what is communicated. His constant repetition of the time in which it took the two to get married, "But two months dead...yet within a month...A little month...Within a month...most wicked speed", suggests his disgust at the situation and that it is not necessarily the nature of their "incestuous" relationship that troubles Hamlet; more the short time in which it occurred. In fact, this is especially well communicated to the audience as, throughout the soliloquy, the passage of time that Hamlet describes gets less from "two months" to "Within a month". This has the effect of outlining Hamlet's supposed contempt of his mother for only mourning a month whilst also highlighting that it is the time involved that is vexing him a... ...t only through the diction but also through the imagery, language and underlying messages of the text. It successfully highlights the divisions of character of Hamlet whilst aiding the audience in building a connection with him.    Works Cited and Consulted: Boklund, Gunnar. "Hamlet." Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965. Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974. Mack, Maynard. "The World of Hamlet." Yale Review. vol. 41 (1952) p. 502-23. Rpt. in Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Shakespeare, William. The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 1995. http://www.chemicool.com/Shakespeare/hamlet/full.html No line nos.      

Dramatic Importance of Similar Themes Essay

A distinct art form like a poem, novel or play, a short story is a short piece of writing, having few characters, conflicts, a theme, a setting and a point of view, usually fewer than 10,000 words. Every detail contributes to the unity of effect. Most short stories can connect if they include similar elements, characteristics or qualities including character development and themes. In the short stories: A Deal in Ostriches, The Beautiful Suit, and The Triumphs of a Taxidermist, all written by H. G. Wells, there are similar features in the way the author writes about the theme of humans going through major changes in their lifetime, which shows how important this fundamental is in the plot development of a short story. Whether the change is positive or negative; all humans go through many changes that could as well be life altering. In A Deal in Ostriches, this theme is situated to play out a role, so the main character goes through a dramatic change from start to finish, ending with a twist to show the main characters true side. In The Beautiful suit, the main character goes through his major change at the end as well, starting off as a man boy, but dying happily in the end. In The triumphs of a Taxidermist, the taxidermist starts off as a man of an unintelligent nature, but concludes in the founding of an extinct species of a New Zealand bird, showing his true identity. These factors help prove that the consistency of having the same theme, helps plot development and structure greatly in short stories. In A Deal in Ostriches, the theme is showing that the main character goes through a vivid change in his life and role as the story progress to the finish. The main character Padishah, tends to be a loyal character who needs help finding his jewel. We believe he is against Potter, who is trying to steal his jewel for his own contentment. In the end we consider the fact that Padishah changes throughout the story and turns against everyone to be on Potters side. This story concludes with a bit of a twist, â€Å"A week or so after landing I was down Regent-street doing a bit of shopping, and who should I see arm-in-arm and having a purple time of it but Padishah and Potter. †(Wells 4) This shows that even if someone is reliable or trustworthy at the start, it does not mean they will never change. Padishah is a perfect example of how life situations will always change over time. In The Beautiful Suit, the main character is a little man, who goes through a major change at the end of the story, showing the theme of how life changes can occur in very little periods of time. He starts off as a sad man because his mother would never let him wear his favourite suit, but dies happily in the end. â€Å"But his face was a face of such happiness that, had you seen it, you would have understood indeed how that he had died happy. †(Wells 4) He is the one who changes his feelings; he decides to go out and live his life the way he wanted to. One night he decided he was going to do everything he ever wished to do, including wearing his suit. We find out that his negative attitude turned into a positive one just by changing the way he felt he should be doing things. This little man starts his life in a way he did not feel was right, so he took a chance to turn his life around, and he did. He died happily, just as he wished he would. This shows the theme of human life changing noticeably, and how it can also change in an encouraging way. In The triumphs of a Taxidermist, the main character who is a taxidermist starts off hiding who he truly is, but ends up showing how truly smart and sneaky he is in the end. The taxidermist does not tell or show anyone his uniqueness until the end of the story when he reveals that he found a species of a New Zealand bird which is extinct. One man questioned â€Å"Is it one of those big birds recently extinct in New Zealand? †(Wells 2) No one truly believed that the taxidermist actually founded this spices, but life is full of unexpected surprises. If you are gentle and composed, you can always change your ways in life and become a man of great power. The taxidermist showed that humans go through major changes or chose to make those changes themselves, sometime throughout their lifetime. In conclusion all three of these well written short stories by H. G Wells, brought me to the attention that similar themes, such as the theme of humans going through major changes, is very important in plot development of a short story. These short stories all include a main character that goes through dramatic changes from start to finish presenting its similarities. Everything has something in common; you just need to be imaginative to find it out.

The Changing role of women in Britain since 1900

Target 1: How useful is source A as evidence about attitudes towards suffragettes in 1908? Explain your answer using source and knowledge from your studies. The attitudes towards suffragettes in 1908 were mixed; everyone had their own opinions of them. Some people were very supportive on what they were doing and some of them had a very negative response. In source A there is a picture of a ‘suffragette demonstrations in London 1908'. Underneath the source the source it states â€Å"Mrs Emmeline Pankhurst leading a demonstration which 200,00 people are said to have attended.† This source does not give enough evidence to prove this statement. I explain why. In this picture it shows me the suffragettes having a peaceful demonstration they are smiling and at the same time getting what they want to say across, from my knowledge and understanding suffragettes were seen as violent and they were seen as a very confrontational group. In the source booklet under The WSPU- the suffragettes it tells me that In 1903 Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters formed a breakaway group called the Women's social and political union (WSPU), that was to campaign for the parliamentary vote for women on the same terms as it was granted to men, or would be in the future, their motto was â€Å"deeds not words† yet the photo paints a different picture. In source booklet source 6 under Suffragette tactics it tells me that in 1908 the suffragettes would start occasional attacks on properties such as breaking windows, etc. But yet again from source A I cannot see this. The source also states, â€Å"200,000 people are said to have attended† From source A it seems to me that at least only 1,000 people attended. In this source I can see only one policeman and he looks quite peaceful and undisturbed. If this were a demonstration where 200,000 people are said to have attended there would be hundreds of policemen on sight. This photo is very unreliable to its statement. The source says that Ms Pankhurst lead the campaign yet there is no proof to prove this. This is supposed to be a demonstration but from my understanding a demonstration is 1) an outward showing or feeling. 2) A public meeting or a march for political or moral response. 3) A show of military force. If this was a demonstration you would have seen exactly what they were demonstration from the use of banners and posters or even photos but I cannot see any of this. This photo (source A) is very unreliable and does not give enough evidence to represent that it was a suffragette demonstration in London 1908. This source is not useful evidence about suffragettes in 1908. Target 2:Source D and E are both from 1910, yet they give different views about the campaign to gain women the vote. Which is the most reliable source for investigating people's attitudes in 1910 towards the campaign? Source D is an article from the daily sketch (newspaper) in 1910. It is about a demonstration made by women in 1910. This article is anti-suffragette; it's against women for what they are doing. This article is about a suffragist attack on the House of Commons. The title â€Å"DISCRACEFUL SCENES†, and â€Å"120 arrests† gives you a dreadful view of the suffragettes. This source is also very negative against women because it puts them down. In the first passage it states â€Å"they caused even more violent scenes then before†. This gives you the impression that they were always violent and aggressive and that's all they were good for. Also in the first passage it states â€Å"It was a picture of shameless recklessness†. This makes the women look disgraceful and outrageous. In Passage two the first four lines say, † One campaigner sprawled in the mud to the obvious disgust of decent men and the obvious delight of others†. This gives me the idea that some people found it a revolting and thought they were shameful, but yet some people saw it a something very positive. This source is very negative towards the suffragettes and makes them appear violent and shameful. This really affected the way people viewed the suffragettes. Source E is in favour of the suffragettes and are for the vote for women. This source is a postcard issued by the suffragettes in 1910. This postcard shows what a women may be, such as a mayor, a mother a doctor or even a teacher and still not have vote, then goes on to show what a man may be, such as a convict a lunatic, unfit for service or even a drunkard but yet still get the vote. Women were put in a lower category then these types of men; Suffragettes saw this as an insult. However I feel that both Source D and Source E are very reliable for investigating people's attitudes towards the campaign, but I think the most common attitude towards the suffragettes at that time was Source D. Source D gives the most relevant information and is the most reliable source because these were the negative attitudes shown towards the suffragettes at this period of time. The community didn't like to see women behaving as men or behaving inappropriately it made them look bad. This source investigates the minority of people's attitudes towards suffragettes in 1910 but at the same time remains relevant for the investigation of people's attitudes towards suffragettes in 1910. Target 3: Without the First World War women would have not gained the right to vote in 1918†³ Do you agree or disagree with this interpretation? I agree with this interpretation. I believe that women would have never gained the vote without the First World War. So many men had gone of to war that the women were needed to fill their places this increased the number of women in the industry. The war made it adequate for women to work such jobs. People believed that women shouldn't be prohibited from doing work they are fit for. While the men were sent of to war, women showed how equally they worked to men, the leaders saw this as an opportunity to show what women were capable of, they showed how capable they were of doing what was seen as a man's jobs. The suffragettes broke the stereotype of how people viewed women, women were seen as housewives, they stayed home and cook and look after the kids. Men also thought that they didn't have the intelligence or intellect to do a â€Å"mans job†. In Source 27 on the source sheet written by E.S. Montague, Minister of munitions, in 1916 he states that: â€Å"Women of every station†¦. have proved themselves able to undertake work that before the war was regarded as solely the province of men†¦. Where is the man now who would deny women the civil rights which she has earned by her hard work?† Women were showing themselves how equally skilled they were to men, and that both sexes were equally alike. People started to see the women as people that played a likewise part in society as men and that they deserved the vote. People believed that the women earned their rights through their hard work. In Source 29 on page 68 it also state that: â€Å"†¦ Many women had witnessed the suffering and anguish of men of men as they had not seen in the previous wars and had also worked side by side with comrades and friends. It was inevitable that this would start to change mutual perceptions of and the granting of the votes at last (to women over thirty) seemed totally appropriate.† This gives me the impression that people did see the women working really due to the war and did all they could to gain the vote and the only resort and the most appropriate was to give them the vote. In Source 19; Page 66 we are shown a female tram driver it does not give us a date but it shows it shows us that women were enthusiastically involved in a man's role. This acts helped change the way people viewed suffragettes. Before most people attitudes were biased towards giving women the vote, but after the war people attitudes change and However in 1918 the barrier against women's suffrage was broken and a partial victory won, under the Representation of the People Act, women over 30 years of age were given the parliamentary vote if they were householders, the wives of householders, occupiers of property with an annual rent of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½5 or more. About 8.5 million women were put under this new law. It was not until ten years later, however, that all women could vote on equal terms with men, at the age of 21 and over, the new bill becoming law on July 2, 1928.